answers for history

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
GCE Ordinary Level
MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2006 question paper
2059 PAKISTAN STUDIES
2059/01 Paper 1 (History and Culture of Pakistan),
maximum raw mark 75
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not
indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began.
All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in
candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills
demonstrated.
Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the
examination.
The grade thresholds for various grades are published in the report on the examination for most
IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses.
• CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes.
CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2006 question papers for most IGCSE,
GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level
syllabuses.
Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
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© UCLES 2006
Using the Mark Scheme
• The examples of responses given in the mark scheme are not intended to be definitive. They are merely given as
an example of the type of response which may be given by candidates.
• Marking should be positive. Marks must not be deducted for inaccurate or irrelevant answers. Half-marks must not
be used.
• Be consistent in your marking from script to script and most importantly from batch to batch.
• Indicate that you have read all the answer and each page.
• If a candidate reaches a level then s/he must be rewarded with a mark within that level. It is not necessary to work
through the levels.
1 (a) (i) Where did Aurangzeb fight a long series of wars against the Marathas?
Deccan peninsula [1]
(ii) Who succeeded Aurangzeb in 1712 at the age of 63?
Bahadur Shah I/Muazzum [1]
(iii) When did Queen Elizabeth I grant the charter to the East India Company?
1600 [1]
(iv) In which town did the Indian troops rise up against the British in 1857?
Meerut [1]
(b) Why was Britain so successful in expanding its control of the sub-continent between 1750
and 1850?
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement, for example: They were better fighters. [1]
LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons, for example: They captured rich lands and had a better army. [2-4]
LEVEL 3: Explains reasons, for example: The battles of Plassey and Buxar gave the British the
vast riches of Bengal and favourable trading rights with the local nawabs. This
provided massive new resources which the British could use to consolidate control.
The British also introduced governors-general into the provinces who administered
them on British lines and provided yet more control. The British army using its vast
local resources and superior weapons and skills was increasingly taking control of
more land. [5-7]
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(c) Was the work of Shah Wali Ullah the most important factor in the revival of Islam in the sub-continent
during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? Give reasons for your answer.
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement, for example: SWU was a great scholar. [1-2]
LEVEL 2: Description of SWU or other factors, for example: SWU taught at the Madrassa in
Delhi, spent some time in Medina and wrote a number of books. SA was a follower of
Shah Abdul Aziz and founded the Jihad Movement. He attacked Sikh forces capturing
Peshawar. HSU established the Faraizi Movement. [3-6]
LEVEL 3: Explains 1 factor. [7-10]
LEVEL 4: Explains 2 or more factors (SWU to be included for max marks), for example: SWU
felt that the Muslims faced many problems because of their ignorance about Islam and
the Holy Quran. He encouraged them to concentrate on Quranic teachings and helped
them by translating the Holy Quran into Persian which was the main language of the
Muslims at that time. His books were designed to spread the principles of Islam
amongst the Muslims.
SASB spread Islam through the Jihad Movement, which was to become an armed
struggle to liberate the Punjab and the NWF from Sikh rule largely because Muslims
were banned from prayer and had to undergo many humiliations, which made it
difficult to practise their religion. HSU spread Islam through the Faraizi Movement
which insisted that Muslims should perform their faraiz (religious obligations). This
alarmed the Hindu landlords who were unhappy with the Muslim practices. A huge
group of followers grew which were called ‘Faraizis’. [9-13]
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation. [14]
2 (a) (i) With whom did Sir Syed Ahmed Khan discuss the ‘Two Nation Theory’ in 1867?
Governor of Benares [1]
(ii) Who succeeded Lord Minto as Viceroy of India in 1910?
Lord Hardinge [1]
(iii) Who led the Congress party at the Lucknow Pact meeting in 1916?
Ambeka Charan [1]
(iv) How many people were killed at the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919?
400 [1]
(b) Why was the Simla Delegation of 1906 an important turning point for the Muslims of the
sub-continent?
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement, for example: They got on better with the British. [1]
LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons, for example: It led to a separate electorate for Muslims and the
formation of the Muslim League. [2-4]
LEVEL 3: Explains reasons, for example: The Muslim demands for separate representation,
election by only Muslim voters and weightage in all elected bodies were accepted by
the British. This resulted in a sudden upturn in Muslim-British relations and helped to
remove the previous bad feelings between the 2 sides. It also paved the way for
demands for a separate homeland with the granting of a separate electorate. It also
guaranteed Muslims an independent role in the political process and as a result led to
the formation of the All-Indian Muslim League later in the year. [5-7]
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(c) Was the abolition of the institution of the caliphate in 1924 the main reason for the failure of
the Khilafat Movement? Give reasons for your answer.
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement, for example: It was not very good. [1-2]
LEVEL 2: Description of the Movement/identifies factors, for example: Gandhi withdrew his
support because of the Chaura Chari incident. [3-6]
LEVEL 3: Explains at least one factor. [7-10]
LEVEL 4: Explains at least two factors (abolition of caliphate to be included for maximum
marks), for example: Gandhi decided that the Swaraj Movement was becoming too
violent following the Chaura Chari incident and so called off his support. In 1920 the
Muslim migration (hijrat) to Afghanistan took place. The Muslim League opposed this
as they wanted them to stay and fight for their cause. The migration was a failure.
The Afghan government was hostile to the migrants who on their return found their
homes and jobs occupied, which dispirited the Muslims. Finally the new Turkish
government under Kemal Ataturk abolished the institution of the Caliph in 1924 so
ending the Movement as the Muslims no longer had a cause for which to fight. [9-13]
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation. [14]
3 (a) (i) Which Muslim member of the committee responsible for the 1928 Nehru Report
officially disagreed with its findings?
Shoaib Qureshi [1]
(ii) In which year was the Second Round Table Conference held?
1931 [1]
(iii) Who wrote the pamphlet ‘Now or Never’ in 1933?
Chaudhri Rehmat Ali [1]
(iv) What did Gandhi call the Cripps Plan in 1942?
A post-dated cheque (on a failing bank) [1]
(b) Why was the Government of India Act of 1935 so important to the future of the subcontinent?
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement, for example: It governed India. [1]
LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons, for example: More people could vote and there was some
provincial autonomy. [2-4]
LEVEL 3: Explains reasons, for example: Some provincial autonomy was granted which meant
that every provincial government was allowed to devise and carry out their own
programmes and be responsible to their own legislature. This was the first time that
this had been allowed and was seen as an important step forward. Ministers in the
provinces could have control over all departments except when governors chose to
intervene in cases of public order or to veto a bill they disliked. This was a drawback
since it meant that the real power lay with the governors. However it did provide
additional rights for the local population to vote – some 5 times the previous numbers
at 35 million in total. Provisions for a federal government were also established at the
centre for the first time which meant that princely states could decide to participate
politically in affairs which concerned the sub-continent. However key decisions relating
to external relations and defence were retained by the British which was a drawback. [5-7]
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(c) ‘The main reason why Congress rule (1937-1939) was so hated was because of the
introduction of the Wardha Scheme.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer.
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement, for example: The Hindus were cruel. [1-2]
LEVEL 2: Description of Congress rule, for example: The Muslims had to sing Bande Matram
and observe the Wardha Scheme. [3-6]
LEVEL 3: Explains at least one factor. [7-10]
LEVEL 4: Explains 2 or more factors (Wardha Scheme to be included for max marks), for
example: Congress Rule was hated due to the atrocities committed against the
Muslims. They were abused and killed by Hindus. Hindi was enforced as the official
language and organised attacks were made on Muslim worshippers in mosques.
Bande Matram, a song in which degrading remarks were used against Muslims, was
adopted as the national anthem and had to be sung at the beginning of each day. The
Wardha Scheme was imposed on Muslims. Under this scheme, students had to bow
before Gandhi’s picture each day. Muslims saw this as an attempt to convert them to
Hinduism. [9-13]
LEVEL 5: As Level 4: also produces a judgement or evaluation. [14]
4 (a) (i) What was 16 August 1946 known as?
Direct Action Day [1]
(ii) Who led the Unionist Party in the Punjab in 1947?
Khizar Hyat Tiwana [1]
(iii) Who went on an official visit to the USA in 1954 during which Ghulam Muhammad
declared a state of emergency in his absence?
Muhammad Ali Bogra [1]
(iv) Who opposed Ayub Khan in the 1964 presidential election?
Fatima Jinnah [1]
(b) Why was Pakistan faced with a refugee problem in 1947?
LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer, for example: Refugees wanted to live in Pakistan. [1]
LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons, for example: Muslims were being massacred by the Hindus and
Sikhs. [2-4]
LEVEL 3: Explains reasons, for example: During 1947, violence between Hindus and Muslims
increased dramatically. Muslims fearful of being killed were forced to leave all their
possessions and cross into Pakistan to seek shelter. The Boundary Award had made
the problems worse between the two. Since Pakistan had become independent so
Muslims were leaving India for their homeland, often with little or no possessions. It
was argued that India deliberately made difficulties for the new Pakistani government
by forcing Muslims across the border. Hindus and Sikhs, perhaps fearful of reprisals
and a genuine desire to live in a Hindu nation, also contributed to the refugee problem
by crossing from Pakistan to India. [5-7]
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(c) How successfully did India and Pakistan handle the Kashmir issue between 1947 and 1988?
Explain your answer.
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement, for example: They have not [1-2]
LEVEL 2: Description of events between 1947 and 1988, for example: The Kashmir issue
became a problem on partition because it had a Hindu ruler of a population which was
mainly Muslim. [3-6
LEVEL 3: Explains successes OR Explains failures. [7-10]
LEVEL 4: Explains successes and failures.
Successes: A cease-fire was arranged in January 1948 leaving Kashmir divided
between India and Pakistan. From 1949 an official cease-fire line was agreed between
India and Pakistan and was to be patrolled by UN troops. Pakistan kept up pressure
on India by appealing to the UN whenever Indian moves tried to integrate Indianoccupied
Kashmir into India. In 1957 the UN reconfirmed that Kashmir was a disputed
territory and that a final solution should be settled by a UN supervised plebiscite. India
promised to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir to determine its future.
Failures: War has broken out on at least 2 occasions between the 2 countries.
Plebiscite still not been held. Continues to be a source of conflict between the two
nations. [9-13]
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation. [14]
5 (a) (i) Who became President of Pakistan in 1970?
Chaudhri Fazal Elahi [1]
(ii) Who threatened to ‘break the legs’ of PPP members if they attended the inaugural
session of the National Assembly in 1971?
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto [1]
(iii) Who were exempt from the Zakat tax in 1980?
Shia Muslims [1]
(iv) Who was Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1985 to 1988?
Muhammad Khan Junejo [1]
(b) Why did General Ayub Khan declare Martial Law in 1958?
LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer, for example: The government was corrupt. [1]
LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons, for example: There were too many Prime Ministers between 1956
and 1958. The army wanted to take control. [2-4]
LEVEL 3: Explains reasons, for example: There were a number of Prime Ministers between
1956 and 1958 and it reached a stage when Ayub Khan achieved that status that he
felt the army should take control until stability had been restored and questions
answered. East Pakistan’s politicians wanted more say in the running of the central
government which increased tension. [5-7]
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(c) How successful was Pakistan’s relationship with the USSR between 1947 and 1988? Explain
your answer.
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement, for example: Relations between the two nations have been very
poor. [1-2]
LEVEL 2: Description of attempts, for example: Outlines the relationship. [3-6]
LEVEL 3: Explains successes OR Explains failures. [7-10]
LEVEL 4: Explains both. [9-13]
Successes: Soviet oil exploration in Pakistan in 1961
India accept Western arms in Indo-Chinese War 1962
£11 million loan to Pakistan in 1963
Ayub Khan visits USSR in 1965 – improves understanding
Soviets hold Peace Conference between Pakistan and India 1966
Soviet arms supplied to Pakistan from 1968
Bhutto visits USSR in 1972
USSR support for building a steel mill
Failures: Liaquat Khan visits USA rather than USSR in 1949
Soviet pro-Indian stance on Kashmir
Pakistan joins USA-sponsored military pacts in 1954 and 1955
USSR gives economic and technical assistance to India
Pakistan refuses USSR aid in 1956
USA spy plane scandal 1960 – plane took off from Pakistan
Pakistan involvement in USA-Chinese diplomatic ties in 1971 leads to
greater pro-Indian support by USSR
Pakistan support for Afghanistan in war with USSR in 1979
USSR unhappy with Pakistan’s nuclear programme
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation. [14]
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
GCE Ordinary Level
MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2007 question paper
2059 PAKISTAN STUDIES
2059/01 Paper 1 (History and Culture of Pakistan), maximum raw mark 75
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of
the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not
indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began.
All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in
candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills
demonstrated.
Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the
examination.
• CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes.
CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2007 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE
Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses.
Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2007 2059 1
© UCLES 2007
APPLICATION OF THE MARK SCHEME
1 Using the Mark Scheme
• The examples of responses given in the mark scheme are not intended to be definitive.
They are merely given as an example of the type of response which may be given by
candidates.
• Marking should be positive. Marks must not be deducted for inaccurate or irrelevant answers.
Half-marks must not be used.
• Be consistent in your marking from script to script and most importantly from batch to batch.
• Indicate that you have read all the answer and each page.
• If a candidate reaches a level then s/he must be rewarded with a mark within that level. It is
not necessary to work through the levels.
2 Marking
• All marking must be done in red.
• The level and the mark awarded for each sub-question must be shown clearly in the margin of
the script at the end of the answer e.g. L3/12
• At the end of each question the total marked achieved by the candidate for that question must
be shown circled in the margin.
• The total mark for each question should be transferred to the front page of the script.
The marks awarded for the three questions must be indicated and totalled.
• It is most important that examiners indicate clearly in the body of the response where the level
has been achieved and where the marks are gained.
3 Administration
• All examiners must send 10 scripts to their team leader within 48 hours of the meeting. It is
essential that a stamped addressed envelope is enclosed to ensure a speedy return of the
scripts. Your team leader will contact you to discuss the marking of your scripts.
• A further batch of scripts must be sent to your team leader as Batch 1 by a date to be notified
in due course.
• As soon as you have completed your marking, please send your report to your team leader.
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1 (a) (i) Give the name of the Nawab of Bengal, whose troops were defeated at the battle of
Plassey in 1757.
(ii) Who became the first Governor-General of India in 1782?
(iii) Give the name of Shah Abdul Rahim’s son.
(iv) In which year was the battle of Balakot?
(i) Siraj-ud-Daulah [1]
(ii) Warren Hastings [1]
(iii) Shah Wali Ullah [1]
(iv) 1831 [1]
(b) Why did the Indian sub-continent attract European traders in the late sixteenth
and early seventeenth centuries?
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement [1]
They were interested in the country.
LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons [2-4]
To trade and extend their sphere of influence in the East.
LEVEL 3: Explains reasons [5-7]
Traders reported evidence of immense wealth in the sub-Continent which led to the EIC
establishing a trading base there since they saw a profitable future. The English wanted
to establish their influence in the sub-Continent and to oust the Dutch and Portuguese.
(c) ‘The coming of the British was the main reason for the decline of the Mughal
Empire’. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement [1-2]
The British invaded India.
LEVEL 2: Description of reasons for decline [3-6]
The British were too strong.
LEVEL 3: Explains one factor [7-10]
LEVEL 4: Explains at least two factors. The British to be included for maximum marks [9-13]
The British expansion into the sub-continent was limited, but their forces and equipment
were no match for the Mughals who fell into rapid decline as a result. However there
were other reasons. The Emperors were renowned for living an extravagant lifestyle and
spending money with little thought to the effect it had on the economy of the Empire.
This led to inefficiencies and a lack of interest in the running of the Empire. The absence
of a definite line of succession led to a significant amount of in-fighting amongst potential
successors, which also led to instability and contributed to the downfall of the Empire.
Other reasons included, Aurangzeb’s religious policy, the expense of fighting the Deccan
Wars, degradation of the military, military inefficiency, financial inefficiencies, vastness of
the Empire and invasions by the Persians and Afghans.
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation [9-14]
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2 (a) (i) In which city was Sir Syed Ahmad Khan born?
(ii) What did the United Patriotic Alliance become known as in 1893?
(iii) Which regional language did the journal Ta’alim Alkhashaf-o-Tauheed promote
during the nineteenth century?
(iv) Which organisation declared in 1913 that its aim was ‘a form of self-government
suitable for India’?
(i) Delhi [1]
(ii) Mohammaden Defence Association/Alliance [1]
(iii) Sindhi [1]
(iv) Muslim League [1]
(b) Why did the British decide to reverse the partition of Bengal in 1911?
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement [1]
The Hindus didn’t like it.
LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons [2-4]
Hindus wanted to protest and banned British goods.
LEVEL 3: Explains reasons [5-7]
The Hindus’ objection to Partition was so great that it caused the British to reconsider it.
Congress opposed it by holding meetings and there were mass rallies which put
pressure on the British government. They thought it was a deliberate attempt to ‘divide
and rule’ on the part of the British. The Hindus were so angry that they attempted to
assassinate Lord Minto and started their boycott of British goods under the ‘Swadeshi
Movement’. There was also an outbreak of terrorist activities. Further Lord Curzon,
originator of the idea, was no longer viceroy so a change of policy was easier.
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(c) ‘The establishment of English as the official language of the sub-continent in 1834
was the main reason for the War of Independence of 1857’. Do you agree or
disagree? Give reasons for your answer.
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement [1-2]
It was resented.
LEVEL 2: Description of English as the official language or other factors [3-6]
English replaced Persian.
LEVEL 3: Explains at least one factor [7-10]
LEVEL 4: Explains at least two. English to be explained for maximum marks [9-13]
The replacement of Persian and Sanskrit by English as the official language in the 1830s
deeply upset both the Muslims and Hindus. A number of social reforms had been
imposed by the British without consultation or care for local feeling which caused much
unrest. Indians had to send their children to co-educational schools which was hated
since it appeared to impose the British system on the Indians without due regard to their
religious and cultural feelings. They were also forced to abandon purdha which had
been an Indian custom for centuries. The ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ was gradually introduced,
especially under Dalhousie, and caused great unrest because any local kingdom not
having a direct male heir was taken over by the British. A new musket cartridge was
introduced by the British which was coated in both cow and pig fat. Because the
soldiers had to chew the fat caused great resentment since pig fat was forbidden to the
Muslims and the cow was a sacred animal in the eyes of the Hindus.
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation [14]
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3 (a) (i) Name the Enquiry which was set up to investigate the Amritsar Massacre of 1919.
(ii) Which city on the sub-continent did the Prince of Wales visit in 1921?
(iii) Name the Khalifa who was exiled by Kemal Attaturk in 1924.
(iv) Which political party in the sub-continent contested its first election in 1926?
(i) Hunter Committee [1]
(ii) Bombay [1]
(iii) Muhammad VI/Mehmet VI [1]
(iv) Hindu Mahasabha [1]
(b) Why did Muslims object to the rule of the Congress party between 1937 and 1939?
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement [1]
The Hindus were cruel.
LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons [2-4]
The Muslims had to sing Bande Matram and observe the Widdia Mander Scheme.
LEVEL 3: Explains reasons [5-7]
Congress Rule was hated due to the atrocities committed against the Muslims. Some
were abused and killed by Hindus. Hindi was enforced as the official language and
some organised attacks were made on Muslim worshippers in mosques. Bande
Matram, a song in which degrading remarks were used against Muslims, was adopted
as the national anthem and had to be sung at the beginning of each day. The Widdia
Mander Scheme was imposed on Muslims. Under this scheme, all students had to bow
before Gandhi’s picture each day.
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(c) ‘The Round Table Conference of 1930 achieved more than those of 1931 and
1932’. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement [1-2]
They were all very successful.
LEVEL 2: Description of First and/or other RTCs [3-6]
There were 3 Round Table Conferences held in London. Neither Gandhi nor Jinnah
attended all of them.
LEVEL 3: Explains achievements of at least one RTC [7-10]
LEVEL 4: Explains achievements of at least two RTCs. First RTC to be explained for maximum
marks [9-13]
The 1st RTC was successful in that the Federal system for India was approved and a
representative govt should be introduced at provincial level. However Congress
boycotted it and there was deadlock on the federal system and the Minorities subcommittee
couldn’t reach a conclusion. However the 2nd RTC was successful in that the
Congress attended but Gandhi was stubborn and disagreed with most things. Sind was
to be given a separate identity and a govt. The Minorities issue remained unresolved.
In the 3rd RTC Congress boycotted the talks while Jinnah was in voluntary exile, and it
became apparent that the gulf was too great between two sides.
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation. [14]
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4 (a) (i) Who put forward the proposal which led to the ‘Lahore Resolution’ in 1940?
(ii) Name the Secretary of State for India in 1946.
(iii) Who became the third Governor General of Pakistan in 1951?
(iv) In which year was the ‘One Unit Scheme’ introduced?
(i) Maulvi Fazl-ul-Haq [1]
(ii) Lord Pethick-Lawrence [1]
(iii) Malik Ghulam Muhammad [1]
(iv) 1955 [1]
(b) Why did Pakistan join the United Nations in 1947?
LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer [1]
The United Nations was founded after World War II.
LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons [2-4]
Because of Kashmir.
LEVEL 3: Explains reasons [5-7]
Pakistan felt that membership of the United Nations would help their conflict with India
over Kashmir by drawing the international community’s attention to it. Also Pakistan took
it upon itself to become a spokesman of many Asian States and movements, especially
Muslim countries. Other relevant issues included the World Bank and the Canal Water
Dispute.
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(c) ‘The Canal Water Dispute was the most important problem facing the newly
established government of Pakistan in 1947’. Do you agree or disagree?
Give reasons for your answer.
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement [1-2]
The Quaid-e-Azam became Governor General in 1947.
LEVEL 2: Description of Canal Water Dispute or other factors [3-6]
The Dispute was over the supply of water from India to Pakistan.
LEVEL 3: Explains at least one factor [7-10]
LEVEL 4: Explains at least two. Canal Water Dispute to be explained for maximum marks [9-13]
The Canal Water Dispute was one of the most serious problems since India now
controlled the water supply to Pakistan – this brought tensions to a head between the
two countries as Pakistan had to depend on India for its water supply. The problem
dragged on until 1959. However there were other problems. Some Muslims in India had
been submitted to terrible atrocities and so thousands fled to Pakistan. They needed
food and shelter and placed great strain on the new government. It was essential
following the creation of Pakistan to have a new government immediately. However
there was a shortage of properly qualified and experienced personnel which made the
task of running government departments extremely difficult. The new government was
also short of money. Pakistan had been awarded 750 million rupees under the final
settlement but only received 200 million at first. This put enormous strain on the new
government. This was also the case with the division of the armed forces and military
assets. Many of the assets awarded were obsolete or out of order.
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation. [14]
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5 (a) (i) Name the organisation which Pakistan, Iran and Turkey joined in 1964.
(ii) In which year was Islamabad officially made the capital of Pakistan?
(iii) Who became President of Pakistan following the declaration of Martial Law in
1969?
(iv) Which politician made the promise of ‘Food, Shelter and Clothing’ to the people of
Pakistan in 1970?
(i) RCD [1]
(ii) 1967 [1]
(iii) Yahya Khan [1]
(iv) Bhutto [1]
(b) Why did Pakistan distrust India so much between 1971 and 1988?
LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer [1]
India was Pakistan’s enemy.
LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons [2-4]
Because of Simla and the nuclear testing programme.
LEVEL 3: Explains reasons [5-7]
Pakistan was unhappy with the Simla agreement signed with India following the war.
In return for the release of 90,000 prisoners of war, Pakistan agreed not to pursue a
solution to the Kashmir problem in international forums. This annoyed Pakistan which
had sought a solution through the United Nations. Pakistan was also shocked at India’s
nuclear test programme in 1974. It raised real fears that its neighbour had a nuclear
capability. Relations became even worse when India suspected that Pakistan was
training Sikh extremists and when Indira Gandhi was assassinated by a Sikh in 1984.
Further, relations were strained by the on-going legacy of wars between the two
countries.
Page 11 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2007 2059 1
© UCLES 2007
(c) ‘Zia-ul-Haq’s foreign policy was more successful than his domestic reforms’.
Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement [1-2]
Zia was strict.
LEVEL 2: Description of Zia’s policies [3-6]
Zia introduced Islamic laws which included the Hudood, Zina and Qafq Ordinances.
LEVEL 3: Explains foreign policy [7-10]
OR
Explains domestic policies
LEVEL 4: Explains both [9-13]
Foreign policy
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 led to the West working very closely with
Pakistan and providing military and economic support in return for becoming a base for
anti-Soviet activities. Zia’s standing in the West increased and he was able with their
support to sell military assistance to other Muslim countries. By 1985 there were in
excess of 50,000 Pakistanis working in the Middle East as a direct result of this policy.
Domestic policies
Zia introduced Islamic laws in an attempt to produce a strong and stable government
managed by people committed to Islamic values. He ignored the political process and
therefore the Islamic laws were very strict in order to produce a strong government.
With regard to economic affairs, efforts to increase investment were met with some
success since many of the previous nationalisation programmes were reversed and the
private sector was encouraged to re-invest. Efforts were also made to increase the
efficiency of government-run industries. There was a need by Zia to establish a
measure of legitimacy to his presidency by declaring legal all the military actions since
1977. The passing of the Eighth Amendment in 1985 gave the President the power to
dismiss the Prime Minister of the time. As a result of this, martial law was lifted but Zia
remained President, unchallenged.
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation. [14]