Geography papers and marking schemes respectively

This document consists of 9 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 Insert.
SPA (KN) T26424/6
© UCLES 2007 [Turn over
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer any three questions.
Sketch maps and diagrams may be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.
The Insert contains Photograph A for Question 3.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
* 1 1 3 1 9 7 6 9 7 0 *
PAKISTAN STUDIES 2059/02
Paper 2 The Environment of Pakistan May/June 2007
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper
2
© UCLES 2007 2059/02/M/J/07
The Environment of Pakistan
1 (a) Study the map of the Hunza Valley, Fig. 1.
location of map
Pakistan
N
N
Misgar
Hunza River
A
0 5
km
10
summer pasture
river
snowfield
Key
Fig. 1
(i) Name the range of mountains in which this valley is situated. [1]
(ii) Name the town A. [1]
(iii) Name the highway which follows this valley north to China. [1]
(iv) Name the Federally Administered Area in which this valley is situated. [1]
3
© UCLES 2007 2059/02/M/J/07 [Turn over
(b) (i) What is a snowfield? [1]
(ii) Explain why a large part of the area in Fig. 1 is covered with snowfields. [2]
(c) (i) State where the summer pastures are situated on Fig. 1. [1]
(ii) Describe the method of farming called ‘transhumance’, which is used in areas such as
the Hunza. [4]
(d) Study Fig. 2, which shows the climate of Misgar.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
–5
–10
0
10
20
30
mean monthly
temperature
(°C)
rainfall/
snowfall
(mm)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Key
temperature
rainfall/
snowfall
Fig. 2
(i) With reference to Fig. 2, explain why the Hunza River increases in volume in the summer
months. [2]
(ii) Explain how topography and climate affect the lives of the people in mountain areas. Use
your knowledge of mountain areas and information from Fig. 2 to help you. [6]
(e) The water of the Hunza and other rivers from the Northern Areas is used to irrigate farmland
in the Punjab. Explain how the flow of water is controlled. [5]
4
© UCLES 2007 2059/02/M/J/07
2 (a) Study the map of Pakistan, Fig. 3.
0 km 400
N
international
boundary
Key
C
B
Arabian Sea
A
Fig. 3
(i) Name the two main fruit crops grown in area A. [2]
(ii) Why are fruit crops grown in mountain valleys? [3]
(iii) Name one of the main fruit crops grown in area B. [1]
(iv) Why are fruit crops grown in this area? [2]
(v) Why are fruit crops grown mainly for local use? [1]
(b) (i) Describe the climate of area C, shown on Fig. 3. [3]
(ii) Explain how karez irrigation helps date palms to grow in the oases of area C. [3]
(iii) Name one other type of crop grown in oases. [1]
(iv) How is crop growth improved by the date palms nearby? [2]
(c) (i) Name two animals that are reared by nomads in area C. [2]
(ii) Explain the importance of livestock to the nomads. [2]
(iii) Describe the nomadic method of farming. [3]
5
© UCLES 2007 2059/02/M/J/07 [Turn over
3 (a) Study Photograph A (Insert), which shows part of the Changa Manga plantation.
(i) What evidence in Photograph A shows that this is a plantation? [2]
(ii) What is used to line the canals, and why is this necessary? [2]
(iii) Why is the plantation being irrigated? [2]
(iv) Why is the water level in the canal lower than the ground around it? [1]
(b) (i) State two domestic uses of wood. [2]
(ii) Explain how wood is used in industry and transport. [4]
(c) (i) What is sustainable forestry ? [3]
(ii) Why does Pakistan need to increase the area of irrigated plantations? [3]
(d) (i) Why is afforestation called ‘a long-term investment’? [2]
(ii) What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing a forest area for tourism? [4]
6
© UCLES 2007 2059/02/M/J/07
4 (a) Study Fig. 4, which shows the gas pipelines in Pakistan.
0 km 400
N
international
boundary
Key
C
A
Arabian Sea
gas pipeline
gas field
B
D
Fig. 4
(i) Name the gas field A. [1]
(ii) Name the cities B, C and D at the ends of the gas pipelines. [3]
(iii) State two ways in which gas can be supplied to areas away from pipelines. [2]
7
© UCLES 2007 2059/02/M/J/07 [Turn over
(b) Study Fig. 5, which shows the uses of natural gas in Pakistan.
other
power
fertilisers
homes
chemicals Fig. 5
(i) State the largest use of natural gas. [1]
(ii) Name a use in the ‘other’ sector. [1]
(iii) What is natural gas used for in homes and why is this fuel chosen? [3]
(iv) Why is natural gas called ‘non-renewable’? [1]
(c) (i) Name two raw materials, apart from natural gas, which are used to make fertiliser. [2]
(ii) Explain why most fertiliser factories are in the Punjab and northern areas of Sindh. [4]
(iii) Why is it important that Pakistan manufactures its own fertilisers? [3]
(d) What environmental damage can occur when a new fertiliser factory is built in a rural area?
[4]
8
© UCLES 2007 2059/02/M/J/07
5 (a) Study Fig. 6, which shows the imports and exports of Pakistan.
200 000
2000 2001 2002 2003
year
2004 2005
400 000
600 000
800 000
1 000 000
1 200 000
value of trade
(million rupees)
imports
exports
Fig. 6
(i) State the increase in the value of imports from 2000 to 2005. [1]
(ii) How has the value of exports changed compared with imports? [2]
(iii) How will this affect the balance of trade? [1]
9
© UCLES 2007 2059/02/M/J/07
(b) Study Fig. 7, which shows the goods exported from Pakistan in 1975 and 2000.
1975
2000
primary manufactured processed
Fig. 7
(i) How have the proportions of primary and manufactured goods changed from 1975 to
2000? [2]
(ii) How have these changes affected earnings from exports? [2]
(iii) Explain how cotton can be exported as a primary, a processed and a manufactured
product. [3]
(c) Name two dry ports and explain how they make import and export easier, and increase
trade. [6]
(d) (i) State two methods of telecommunication. [2]
(ii) Explain how telecommunication can be used to improve the supply of goods, and
increase trade in Pakistan and abroad. [6]
10
2059/02/M/J/07
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2059/02/M/J/07
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2059/02/M/J/07
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Copyright Acknowledgements:
Photograph A Estate of R. Strutt © UCLES
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
This document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 Insert.
SPA (KN) S98899/7
© UCLES 2006 [Turn over
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level
PAKISTAN STUDIES 2059/02
Paper 2
October/November 2006
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.
Write your name, Centre number and candidate number on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer any three questions.
The Insert contains Photograph A for Question 1 and Photograph B for Question 2.
Sketch maps and diagrams may be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
2
2059/02/O/N/06
The Environment of Pakistan
1 Study Photograph A (Insert) of a rural area in Hyderabad District.
(a) (i) What is this man doing? [1]
(ii) Why is the soil at X a different colour from the soil at Y? [1]
(iii) Name three inputs for farming other than soil that can be seen on the photograph. [3]
(iv) Describe three other processes that may be carried out before a crop is harvested. [3]
(b) (i) What is subsistence farming? [1]
(ii) Name two animals other than those on Photograph A that may be kept by a small-scale
subsistence farmer. [2]
(iii) For each of the two animals you have named in (b)(ii), explain how it is important to the
farmer and his family. [4]
(c) (i) Why does the output of a small-scale subsistence farm vary from year to year? [4]
(ii) If this farmer has a good crop and can sell some in the market, how may he use the
money he earns (capital) to improve his yield (production) in the next year? [4]
(iii) Give two ways in which a small-scale subsistence farmer can supplement his income.
[2]
© UCLES 2006
3
2059/02/O/N/06 [Turn over
2 (a) Study Fig. 1, a map of Pakistan.
Fig. 1
On your answer paper
(i) name the dam A,
(ii) name the river B,
(iii) state the number in degrees East of the line of longitude C,
(iv) name the city D,
(v) name the range of hills shaded at E. [5]
N
0 km 200
Arabian Sea
Key
international boundary
rivers
D
E
B
A
C
°East
© UCLES 2006
4
2059/02/O/N/06
(b) Study Photograph B (Insert), which shows an area in Hyderabad District damaged by
waterlogging and salinity.
(i) Describe the appearance of the area S in Photograph B. [3]
(ii) What are perennial canals, and how may they lead to problems such as those in area S?
[4]
(iii) How can these problems be reduced? [4]
(c) Read the extract Fig. 2.
Fig. 2
(i) Why do the writers refer to Pakistan as a ‘water-deficit country’? [2]
(ii) Using examples, explain why there are conflicts over water availability and use. [7]
Pakistan is a water-deficit country. The rainfall is neither sufficient nor
regular, and does not meet the growing need for water. Agriculture is a
major user, and good yields depend on the adequate availability of
water at the right time. The increasing pressures of population and
industrialisation have already placed great demands on water supplies
and there are an ever-increasing number of local and regional
conflicts over water availability and use.
© UCLES 2006
5
2059/02/O/N/06 [Turn over
3 (a) (i) Locate an oil refinery near the coast, and give one reason why it is there. [2]
(ii) Locate an oil refinery in the province of Punjab, and give one reason why it is there. [2]
(b) State two ways in which refined oil can be transported in Pakistan, and give an advantage
and disadvantage of each. [6]
(c) Study Fig. 3 which shows some examples of the four main uses of oil.
Fig. 3
(i) Name another by-product A. [1]
(ii) Name the fourth main use of oil B. [1]
(iii) With reference to Fig. 3 and using your own knowledge, explain how oil products are
important to either farming or manufacturing. [6]
(d) (i) Which gas field produces most natural gas in Pakistan? [1]
(ii) Name two industries in Pakistan that use natural gas as a raw material. [2]
(iii) Why is natural gas an important fuel in Pakistan? [4]
© UCLES 2006
Petrol
Diesel
By-products
Pesticides
Power
Electricity
Lubricants B
Plastics Heating
A
USES OF
OIL
6
2059/02/O/N/06
4 Study Fig. 4, a map of the road network in Pakistan in 2002.
Fig. 4
(a) (i) Name the cities X,Y and Z. [3]
(ii) For each of the roads leading to A and B, state the country to which it is going, and the
name of the pass through which it goes. [4]
© UCLES 2006
0
Scale 1 : 7 500 000
Key 50 100 150 200 km
P P
B
Y
X
Z
main roads
other roads
motorway
international
boundary
provincial
boundary
pass
A
N
7
2059/02/O/N/06 [Turn over
(b) (i) Describe the ways in which the road network of Punjab is different from the road network
of Sindh. [3]
(ii) Give reasons for your answer to (b)(i). [4]
(iii) Explain why there are few roads in the area north of the line P –P shown on Fig. 4. [4]
(c) What factors hinder the development of air transport in the area north of the line P –P? [4]
(d) Why was the first motorway in Pakistan built between Islamabad and Lahore? [3]
© UCLES 2006
8
2059/02/O/N/06
5 (a) Study Fig. 5, which shows types of employment in rural and urban areas.
Proportion of Workforce Employed by Sector
Fig. 5
(i) In which area is the proportion of those employed in the primary sector highest? [1]
(ii) What is the main type of employment in the primary sector in rural areas? [1]
(iii) Why is this type of employment probably underestimated? [1]
(b) Why is there unemployment and underemployment in rural and urban areas? [5]
(c) Why is the sector of tertiary employment likely to increase more in urban areas than in rural
areas? [6]
(d) (i) Name a city in Pakistan where sports goods are manufactured. [1]
(ii) How may the presence of the sports goods industry in this area
A increase employment opportunities,
B improve the local infrastructure? [5]
(e) How does industry in cities pollute the environment? [5]
Rural Areas Urban Areas
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Key
Sectors of Employment
© UCLES 2006
Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 2 Fig. 2 © M.A. Kahlown and A. Majeed; Water-Resources Situation in Pakistan: Challenges and Future Strategies; International Institute for
Sustainable Development; 2004.
Question 4 Fig. 4 © The New Oxford Atlas for Pakistan; Oxford University Press, Pakistan.
Photograph A R. Strutt © UCLES
Photograph B R. Strutt © UCLES
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of
the University of Cambridge.
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
GCE Ordinary Level
MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2007 question paper
2059 PAKISTAN STUDIES
2059/02 Paper 2 (Environment of Pakistan), maximum raw mark 75
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of
the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not
indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began.
All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in
candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills
demonstrated.
Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the
examination.
• CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes.
CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2007 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE
Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses.
Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2007 2059 2
© UCLES 2007
INTRODUCTION
The features of the mark scheme
Each question carries 25 marks. Candidates cannot earn more than the maximum marks in each
sub-section. Three questions should be answered, but examiners are required to mark all the
questions attempted by the candidate and credit the three highest scoring answers.
The mark scheme guides the examiner in where marks should be allocated, and lists a number of
responses which will earn marks along with the general principles to be applied when marking each
question. However it should be noted that candidates can earn marks if their answers are phrased
differently provided that they convey the same meaning as those in the mark scheme.
As a general rule, each line of the mark scheme can be given one mark. A diagonal line (/) means
that this is an alternative to that one mark. If development marks may be awarded, this will be
clearly stated in that sub-section. Some questions will have reserved marks within their structure.
A point within a sub-section which is an answer to the question set in a different sub-section should
not be given credit, as each sub-section asks different questions which require independent answers.
During co-ordination, the mark scheme may be modified to add points agreed after discussion or to
delete any points not allowed. Examiners will be supplied with full details of any such changes before
marking begins.
Marking mechanics

The marks on this paper are all given with a tick. The total for each sub-section, and for the
whole of each question should be the same as the number of ticks.

Sub-section totals are written in the right margin, question totals are encircled at the end of
each question.

Question totals are transferred to the front page, with their question number, and the final total
written in the top right-corner and underlined.

Underlining may only be used for answers that are incorrect.

Crosses may be used for short, wrong answers.

All script must be seen to have been marked, even if it is wrong. The only exception to this is
when a ‘max’ has been given.

All blank pages must be marked as ‘seen’.

Any comments written by the examiner on the answer paper should refer in some way to
compliance to the agreed mark scheme.
Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2007 2059 2
© UCLES 2007
1 Study the map of the Hunza Valley, Fig. 1.
(a) (i) Name the range of mountains in which this valley is situated.
Karakoram Range/Karakorams [1]
(ii) Name the town A.
Gilgit [1]
(iii) Name the highway which follows this valley north to China.
Karakoram Highway/KKH [1]
(iv) Name the Federally Administered Area in which this valley is situated.
Northern Area(s) [1]
(b) (i) What is a snowfield?
An area where snow/ice does not melt
Where snow lies all year [1]
(ii) Explain why a large part of the area in Fig. 1 is covered with snowfields.
Mountainous/high altitudes/Over 3000m
Cold climate/low temps/below FP
Moderate/high snowfall/precipitation
More accumulation than melting [2]
(c) (i) State where the summer pastures are situated on Fig.1.
next to snowfields [1]
(ii) Describe the method of farming called ‘transhumance’, which is used in areas
such as the Hunza.
Goats/sheep/cattle/yak/dzu/livestock
Seasonal movement
Move to higher slopes in summer/to summer pastures
Move to find food/pastures/grass/for grazing
Animals fattened
Milk/meat/wool/skins, etc.
Stay in valleys in winter/permanent homes in valley
Animals kept in sheds in winter
Storage of hay/fodder crops
May take animals from other families [4]
Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2007 2059 2
© UCLES 2007
(d) Study Fig. 2, which shows the climate of Misgar.
(i) With reference to Fig. 2, explain why the Hunza River increases in volume in the
summer months.
temperature rises above FP/warm/higher temperatures in summer/named months
high rainfall in spring/early summer increases flow into river
snow/ice melts and flows into river [2]
(ii) Explain how topography and climate affects the lives of the people in mountain
areas. Use your knowledge of mountain areas and information from Fig. 2 to help
you.
Look for an effect linked to an aspect of topography or climate.
The same effect may be linked to several aspects of topography or climate, or the
reverse.
For example:
Farming is difficult because of the cold climate
People live indoors because of the cold climate
Farming is difficult because of thin, stony soils
Lack of development because of inaccessibility
Roads blocked because of landslides, avalanches etc.
Craft industries because people live indoors in winter
People wear thick clothes because of the cold climate.
Transhumance is done because of the mountainous topography (max 2 transhumance)
Tourism is a source of income because of the beautiful mountain scenery
This list is not exhaustive, but serves to illustrate possible answers. [6]
(e) The water of the Hunza and other rivers from the Northern Areas is used to irrigate
farmland in the Punjab. Explain how the flow of water is controlled.
Dams/barrages built to control/hold back flow in spring
Further facts about how these control water
Water allowed out at a controlled rate later in year
Indus Water Treaty (name + detail about treaty max 2)
Embankments/Levees
Gates/sluices to control water into canals/fields
Named dam (max 1)
Named barrage (max 2) [5]
[Total: 25]
Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2007 2059 2
© UCLES 2007
2 Study the map of Pakistan, Fig.3.
(a) (i) Name the two main fruit crops grown in area A.
apples, apricots, almonds [2]
(ii) Why are fruit crops grown in mountain valleys?
warmth
shelter
sunshine
rain/less snow
soil
flat land [3]
(iii) Name one of the main fruit crops grown in area B.
Bananas/mangoes/citrus fruit [1]
(iv) Why are fruit crops grown in this area?
Monsoon/summer rainfall
Mild winter temperatures/above 15 C
Irrigation (from the River Indus) [2]
(v) Why are fruit crops grown mainly for local use?
Perishable
Heavy to transport
Small amounts/not of export quality [1]
(b) (i) Describe the climate of area C, shown on Fig. 3.
Arid/desert/drought/low rainfall
Rainfall below 125 mms
Cool/Mild winters/5-15 C above FP
Warm/Hot summers/25-40 C
Little/some rainfall from westerly depressions
High isolation/lack of cloud
Hot and dry/dusty winds
Cold nights [3]
(ii) Explain how karez irrigation helps date palms to grow in the oases of area C.
Provides water for growth (max 1)
Underground canal/subterranean
From mountains/foothills
From aquifer/groundwater/soaks into ground
More rain on mountains/higher slopes
Reduces evaporation [3]
(iii) Name one other type of crop grown in oases.
Vegetables- allow any name/tobacco
Named cereals – millet (bajra), sorghum (jowar), barley/maize, pulses [1]
(iv) How is crop growth improved by the date palms nearby?
Shade from/sun/extreme heat/reduce evapotranspiration
Shelter from winds/windbreak [2]
Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2007 2059 2
© UCLES 2007
(c) (i) Name two animals that are reared by nomads in area C.
goats
sheep
cattle
camels [2]
(ii) Explain the importance of their livestock to the nomads.
Food – milk, meat, butter etc.
Clothing – wool, hides etc.
Income/for selling/bartering – Young animals/named product
Transport
Tents/shelter
Wealth [2]
(iii) Describe the nomadic method of farming.
Moving/settle for a few weeks
In search of water
In search of pasture/food
Subsistence farming [3]
[Total: 25]
Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2007 2059 2
© UCLES 2007
3 (a) Study Photograph A (Insert), which shows part of the Changa Manga plantation.
(i) What evidence in Photograph A shows that this is a plantation?
Trees in lines/rows/equally spaced/grid
Same age/height
Same species [2]
(ii) What is used to line the canals, and why is this necessary?
Clay/cement/bricks
To prevent seepage/leakage/water getting out [2]
(iii) Why is the plantation being irrigated?
Low rainfall/there is not enough rainfall
For a constant/regular supply/rainfall is unreliable
Trees need a moderate to good water supply
High rate of evapotranspiration/evaporation/transpiration [2]
(iv) Why is the water level in the canal lower than the ground around it?
To avoid waterlogging to keep the water table low
Trees do not want their roots in water [1]
(b) (i) State two domestic uses of wood.
Firewood heating/cooking/house building/furniture/fencing (2 at 1 each) [2]
(ii) Explain how wood is used in industry and transport.
construction of building, bridges, etc.
means of transport – railway sleepers (not fuel), bridges, lorry chassis/carts
chemical such as – resin, varnish, mazri (for mats), pharmaceuticals, medicine, etc.
farm/agricultural use such as fences, gates, implements
paper production from pulp
sports goods such as bats, rackets, etc.
crafts such as ornaments, beads, etc.
furniture such as chairs, tables, etc.
(For a mark the use must be given. The candidate needs more than just a named product)
[4]
Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2007 2059 2
© UCLES 2007
(c) (i) What is sustainable forestry?
ensuring supplies are there for the future selective cutting
replanting trees that have been cut down/re-afforestation
maintaining/looking after forests
planting species that do not need irrigation [3]
(ii) Why does Pakistan need to increase the area of irrigated plantations?
Too many trees have been cut down/too much deforestation
To provide more wood for industry, increase in population etc.
To relieve waterlogging/waterlogging and salinity
To prevent erosion of banks/slopes
To replace areas where forests cannot be replaced (e.g. due to soil erosion or urbanisation)
For tourism
To reduce imports [3]
(d) (i) Why is afforestation called a ‘long-term investment’?
trees take many years to grow
many years before financial return/start production/results are seen
high cost of planting
costs during growth [2]
(ii) What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing a forest area for
tourism?
Advantage (res. 1)
Employment opportunities
Source of income
Provision of named infrastructure/electricity, roads, water, sanitation (max 2)
Provision of other modern facilities, e.g. shops
Reduces the effects of deforestation/destruction of habitats/soil erosion (max 1)
Etc.
Disadvantage (res. 1)
High cost of development/money could be spent on other things
Effects on habitats/damage to trees
Litter/garbage
Resettlement of local people
Tourists may not come, problems of security, etc.
Loss of culture
Etc.
(res. 1 for each of adv. and disadv.) [4]
[Total: 25]
Page 9 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2007 2059 2
© UCLES 2007
4 (a) Study Fig. 4, which shows the gas pipelines in Pakistan.
(i) Name the gasfield A.
Sui [1]
(ii) Name the cities B, C and D at the ends of the pipelines.
B Peshawar, C Islamabad, D Sialkot/Jammu [3]
(iii) State two ways in which gas can be supplied to areas away from pipelines.
Changed to a liquid/LPG/CNG
Cylinders
(Pressurised) tankers [2]
(b) Study Fig. 5, which shows the uses of natural gas in Pakistan.
(i) State the largest use of natural gas.
power [1]
(ii) Name a use in the ‘other’ sector.
commercial/office
cement
transport/cars/lorries/motor vehicles
named industry (not on pie chart) [1]
(iii) What is natural gas used for in homes and why is this fuel chosen?
Use (res. 1)
Heating
Cooking
Why (res. 1)
Available in cities/towns
Cheaper than oil or coal
Easier than collecting firewood
Less bulky/easier to transport than coal/wood
Cleaner than coal/wood/oil
(Reserve 1 for each of use and why) [3]
(iv) Why is natural gas called ‘non-renewable’?
it will run out/is not being replaced/etc. [1]
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(c) (i) Name two raw materials, apart from natural gas, which are used to make fertiliser.
Nitrogen
Sulphur
Gypsum
Potassium/Potash
Phosphate
Ammonia
Fish/animal remains/bones [2]
(ii) Explain why most fertiliser factories are in the Punjab and northern areas of
Sindh.
Main farming area }
Deep soil/fertile soil } max 2 for natural farming inputs
Good irrigation }
Less flooding now to replace nutrients
Large population to feed
Good roads for transport/low transport costs
Named raw material near, e.g. Rock salt and Gypsum at Khewra/Salt Range
Gas at Sui
Other minerals (see Atlas of Pakistan page 23) [4]
(iii) Why is it important that Pakistan manufactures its own fertilisers?
Expensive (to buy)
Reduce imports/cannot afford to import fertilisers
Improves balance of payments/fertilisers burden the economy/greater crop production
improves the economy
Heavy to carry very far
Produce more food for large population reduces malnutrition
Produce more crops for export
Increases employment/reduces poverty [3]
(d) What environmental damage can occur when a new fertiliser factory is built in a rural
area?
Loss of farmland/land lost for factory and roads
Damage to roads
Water pollution/pollution of river/canal/irrigation water/water supply
Noise pollution
New quarries/pits
Dumping of waste (only credit if not given as a form of pollution)
Land clearance/loss of habitat/soil erosion
Traffic congestion
(example of damage linked to a location max.1 ) [4]
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5 Study Fig.6, which shows the imports and exports of Pakistan.
(a) (i) State the increase in value of imports from 2000 to 2005.
560,000 – 580,000 (million rupees)
540,000 – 1,100,000 / 530,000 – 1,110,000 (million rupees) [1]
(ii) How has the value of exports changed compared to imports?
Both have increased
Imports have increased more than exports/increased faster after2003
Similar trends 2000 – 2003
Comparative figures (max 1) [2]
(iii) How will this affect the balance of trade?
It has increased (negatively)
It has got worse
There is a bigger deficit [1]
(b) Study Fig. 7, which shows the types of goods exported from Pakistan in 1975 and 2000.
(i) How have the proportions of primary and manufactured goods changed from 1975
to 2000?
Primary goods are a lower proportion of exports/exports have decreased
Manufactured goods are higher proportion of exports/exports have increased [2]
(ii) How have these changes affected earnings from exports?
Manufactured goods sell for higher prices
Earnings will increase
Manufactured goods are value-added [2]
(iii) Explain how cotton can be exported as a primary, a processed and a
manufactured product.
Primary raw cotton
Processed yarn, thread, cloth
Manufactured ready-made garments, cloth [3]
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(c) Name two dry ports and explain how they make import and export easier, and increase
trade.
Two names (res. 2)
Lahore, Multan, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Larkana, Quetta, Peshawar, Sambrai
(Sialkot)
Reasons
Better customs checking/clearance/easier collection of taxes/revenue
Better transport links/easier transport to Karachi/cheaper transport to Karacit
Container facilities
Better management
Storage in sheds and open areas
Refrigeration available
Quicker processing/less time lost/avoid delays at Karachi
Less congestion at Karachi/eases pressure at Karachi
(candidates may refer to Port Qasim and/or Keamari instead of Karachi) 2 + 4 [6]
(d) (i) State two methods of telecommunication.
telephone
e-mail/internet
fax
computer conferencing
video conferencing
TV
radio [2]
(ii) Explain how telecommunication can be used to improve the supply of goods, and
increase trade in Pakistan and abroad.
Look for how these methods are better in the 21st century (H), and what they are used
for (F)
How (H) (res. 1)
Faster
Can contact other countries/long distance communication
Easier communication
Internet conferencing
Better advertising
Etc.
For (F) (res. 1)
Ordering/purchasing/buying/selling
Internet banking/transfer of funds
Finding out what it required/discussion
Call centres
Surfing the web/searching for goods or suppliers
Assembly of components/co-ordination of inputs
Etc.
(res. 1 each for ‘how’ and ‘for’)
(no reserves for supply or trade) [6]
[Total: 25]
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
GCE Ordinary Level
MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2006 question paper
2059 PAKISTAN STUDIES
2059/02 Paper 2, maximum raw mark 75
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not
indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began.
All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in
candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills
demonstrated.
Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the
examination.
The grade thresholds for various grades are published in the report on the examination for most
IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses.
• CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes.
CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2006 question papers for most IGCSE,
GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level
syllabuses.
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Question 1
Study Photograph A (Insert) of a rural area in Hyderabad District.
(a) (i) What is this man doing?
Ploughing / cultivating / tilling [1]
(ii) Why is the soil at X a different colour from the soil at Y?
it has been ploughed / turned over
it has not dried out [1]
(iii) Name three inputs for farming other than soil that can be seen on the photograph.
bullocks/ cattle/cows/oxen (not buffalo)
plough
(manual) labour [3]
(iv) Describe three other processes that may be carried out before the crop is harvested.
A short sentence about
Sowing seeds
Fertilising to provide extra nutrients
Weeding to give plants space to grow
Irrigation / watering to provide water
Spraying pesticide to kill insects / virus / weeds etc. [3]
(b) (i) What is subsistence farming?
Producing food for ones self / family (that it not for sale) [1]
(ii) Name two other animals other than those on photograph A that may be kept by a
small-scale subsistence farmer.
Goats
Sheep
Buffalo
Chickens / poultry
Mules
Donkeys [2]
(iii) For each of the two animals you have named in (b)(ii), explain how it is important to
the farmer and his family.
This depends on the animal chosen, accept any appropriate product, e.g. Skin for leather,
eggs for eating, milk for drinking
Milk
Milk products
Eggs
Meat
Nutrition
Skin / hide
Haulage / carrying
Allow sale of excess product / barter
(res. 1 for each animal, repetition max. 1) [4]
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(c) (i) Why does the output of a small-scale subsistence farm vary from year to year?
Variable rainfall / monsoon / water supply (flooding max. 1)
Pests and diseases
Uses own seed / not HYVa
(any line can be developed to 2) [4]
(ii) If a farmer has a good crop and can sell some in the market, how may he use the
money (capital) he earns to improve his yield (production) for the next year?
Better seed – HYV, GM, disease/pest resistant
Fertiliser – to provide nutrients
Pesticides – to kill insects, viruses etc.
New animals – younger, better breeding
New tools/implements – better/faster work
Repairs – to machinery, irrigation system, storage etc.
Etc.
(any line can be developed to 2) [4]
(iii) Give two ways in which a small-scale subsistence farmer can supplement his income.
Carpenter
Blacksmith
Shoe-maker/cobbler
Driver
Etc. [2]
Question 2
Study Fig. 1, a map of Pakistan.
(a) (i) name the dam A,
Mangla
(ii) name the river B,
Jhelum
(iii) state the number in degrees East of the line of longitude C,
68
(iv) name the city D,
Sukkur
(v) name the range of hills shaded at E.
Sulaiman [5]
(b) Study Photograph B (Insert) showing an area in Hyderabad District damaged by
waterlogging and salinity.
(i) Describe the appearance of the area S in Photograph B.
bare / no vegetation
cracks / cracked mud
pools of water
saline water
(mineral) salts
white / mustard colour
edged with black / grey [3]
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(ii) What are perennial canals, and how may they lead to problems such as those in area
S?
definition (res. 1)
canals that can supply water all year round
from reservoirs / barrages
via link canals
problems (res. 1)
too much irrigation water leading to
evaporation in hot, dry climate
rise of water table
rise of salts to surface [4]
(iii) How can these problems be reduced?
Lined canals to prevent infiltration
Culverts to drain excess water from canals
Surface drains to flush out salt from soil
Tubewells to lower water table
Eucalyptus trees plants to reduce water underground
SCARP - government programme + details (max 4)
WAPDA - to carry out projects + details (max 4)
(N.B. a good account of WAPDA or SCARP scheme could get 4 marks) [4]
Read the extract Fig. 2
Pakistan is a water-deficit country. The rainfall is neither sufficient nor regular, and does not meet the
growing needs of water. Agriculture is a major user, and good yields depend on the adequate
availability of water at the right time. The increasing pressures of population and industrialisation have
already placed great demands on water supplies and there are an ever increasing number of local and
regional conflicts over water availability and use.
(c) (i) Why do the writers refer to Pakistan as a 'water-deficit country'?
insufficient rainfall
growing needs
(quote of second sentence 2 marks) [2]
(ii) Using examples, explain why there are conflicts over water availability and use.
Examples of conflicting users (max 2):
Farming v industry v domestic v food processing v HEP v other
India v Pakistan 1947 – 1960
NWFP and Punjab v Sindh
Development of Kalabagh dam
(1 mark for a pair of conflicting users)
Explanation:
Irrigation for more agriculture
Industrialisation – water for washing, cooling, processing
Hygiene - need to keep clean
Population growth – need for more
Electricity for modem technology
– because there is not enough (max 1)
(1 named user + their need = I mark)
(up to 3 uses can be credited) [7]
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Question 3
(a) (i) Locate an oil refinery near the coast, and give one reason why it is there.
Refinery:
Karachi / Keamari / Bin Qasim
Reason:
Imported oil
Demand from named area
Oilfields in Southern Sindh (1+1) [2]
(ii) Locate an oil refinery in the province of Punjab, and give one reason why it is there.
Either:
Mahmood Kot / PARCO
Pipeline from Karachi / port
Demand from named area / Multan
or:
Attock / Morga
Local oilfield in Potwar plateau
Demand from named area / Islamabad / Rawalpindi [2]
b) State two ways in which refined oil can be transported in Pakistan, and give an advantage
and disadvantage of each.
Pipeline
Bulk transfer / large quantities
Cheap (after cost of building)
But – only to a few big centres
Costly to build and maintain
Problem of leakage
Only a single product (e.g. Diesel)
Railway
Can go to more places than pipeline
More products can be carried
But – smaller quantities
Expensive
Chance of accidents (NOT explosion)
Tanker / Lorry
Can go anywhere by road
More products can be carried
But – expensive
Heavy / can only carry small amounts
Chance of accidents
Theft 1 + 1 + 1 for each of 2 ways [6]
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Study Fig. 3 which shows some examples of the four main uses of oil.
(c) (i) Name another by-product A.
wax / synthetic rubber / detergent / pharmaceutical products / furnace oil / etc. [1]
(ii) Name the fourth main use of oil B.
fuel [1]
(iii) With reference to Fig. 3 and using your own knowledge, explain how oil products are
important to either farming or manufacturing.
farming
fuel for machines
fuel for transport
electricity generation – for power
fertiliser – for growth }
pesticides – for healthy growth } raw material
tarmac for better roads / metalled roads
lubricants for machines
etc.
manufacturing
fuel for machines
fuel for transport vehicles
electricity generation – for power / heat / light
fuel for heating
raw material for named product
tarmac for better roads / metalled roads
etc. (the candidate may choose to link this answer to Fig. 3)
(credit ONLY farming OR manufacturing, general answer max. 2) [6]
(d) (i) Which gas field produces most natural gas in Pakistan?
Sui [1]
(ii) Name two industries in Pakistan that use natural gas as a raw material.
fertiliser
cement
chemical
(not power) [2]
(iii) Why is natural gas an important fuel in Pakistan?
Can reach remote areas in cylinders
Easier to transport than coal
Alternative to oil in vehicles
Used in power stations
Cleaner than oil or coal
Reduces dependence on imported fuels
Shortage of coal and / or oil in Pakistan
Cheaper compared to another named fuel [4]
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Question 4
Study Fig. 4, a map of the road network in Pakistan in 2002.
(a) (i) Name the cities X, Y and Z.
X Quetta
Y Multan
Z Hyderabad [3]
(ii) For each of the roads leading to A and B, state the country to which they are going,
and the name of the pass through which it goes.
A to China, through the Khunjerab Pass
B to Afghanistan, through the Khyber Pass 2 + 2 [4]
(b) (i) Describe the ways in which the road network of Punjab is different from the road
network of Sindh.
Punjab more dense – Sindh less dense
Sindh 'other roads' more dense in S – Punjab all over (none in SE)
More areas in Sindh with few / no roads
More foci – fewer centres / foci
Sindh 2 main roads follow R. Indus then W to Karachi – Punjab spread out
Motorway in Punjab, not Sindh
(credit use of comparative word e.g.. more, less, fewer) [3]
(ii) Give reasons for your answer to (b)(i).
ideas linked to the following:
one river in Sindh – 5 in Punjab – roads follow these routes
more desert in Sindh – less habitable
large areas of low population density in Sindh –- less need
fewer major cities in Sindh – less need
ideas linked to industrial development (max 2) [4]
(iii) Explain why there are few roads in the area north of the line P-P shown on Fig. 4.
Mountains
Steep slopes
Landslides
Snow
Avalanches
Floods
Ice / snow/ stones damage road surface
Lack of demand [4]
(c) What factors hinder the development of air transport in the area north of the line P-P?
Bad weather / snow / ice / fog / heavy rain / floods
Lack of flat land for runways / airports
Lack of good roads to airports
Lack of passengers / freight
Problem of blocked radio signals
(any line can be dev. to 2) [4]
(d) Why was the first motorway in Pakistan built between Islamabad and Lahore?
2 large centres of population
passed by other populated areas
to promote growth of industrial estates
large volume of traffic / ease congestion / save other roads
better for lorries / large vehicles
link from Lahore to Karakoram Highway
(answers must relate to motorway, not just roads) [3]
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Question 5
Study Fig. 5, which shows types of employment in rural and urban areas.
(a) (i) In which area is the proportion of those employed in the primary sector highest?
Rural [1]
(ii) What is the main type of employment in the primary sector in rural areas?
Farming/agriculture [1]
(iii) Why is this type of employment probably under estimated?
Family labour / disguised unemployment [1]
(b) Why is there unemployment and underemployment in rural and urban areas?
(res. 1 each for rural and urban areas)
Mechanisation of farming
Lack of skills for work
Lack of jobs
Seasonal employment e.g. sugar cane factories
Lack of jobs for women
Poor health, nutrition, medical care for sick and injured
Computerisation in offices
(any line max 2) [5]
(c) Why is the sector of tertiary employment likely to increase more in urban areas than in
rurual areas?
Ideas such as:
Rural – urban migration
Increase in literacy / more jobs for the educated
Growth of services / more demand in cities
Economic prosperity / people have more money to spend
More transport / shops / offices (named jobs to max 1 without any explanation)
Growth of informal sector / pavement services
Etc.
(any line max. 2) [6]
(d) (i) Name a city in Pakistan where sports goods are manufactured.
Sialkot or Lahore [1]
(ii) How may the presence of the sports industry in this area
A increase employment opportunities?
Labour intensive
Work contracted out to small scale and cottage industries
Growth of administrative jobs
Growth of transport jobs
Growth of tertiary industries with increased prosperity
Dry port (related to employment)
EPZ
B improve the local infrastructure?
Power / electricity supply
Roads / railway
Airport
Better water supply
Telecommunications (up to 2 examples explained)
Dry port (related to infrastructure
Example to illustrate A or B (max 1)- not reserved
(reserve 1 mark for each of A and B, float of 3) [5]
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(e) How does industry in cities pollute the environment?
Ideas such as:
Effluent in river – effect on fishing, drinking water, irrigation
Effluent in sea water – effect on fishing e.g. Indus delta, mangroves
Smoke / gases in the air – health problems, acid rain (global warming etc. max 1)
Traffic 1 congestion in urban areas
Waste from factories and people
Traffic / congestion in urban areas
Loss of scenery by construction
Etc.
Be prepared to take what comes, examples of polluted areas / industries max 2
(Named disease max 2 if different cause) [5]